This article uses an archaeological approach to examine history, rather than rely on literary accounts.  The authors state that, “recent surface surveys and excavations in the Negev, now being prepared for publication, have revealed an active pagan cult in the central Negev which existed, apparently continuously, from Nabatean times down to the start of the Abbasid period, i.e., the second half of the second / eighth century” (p. 25).  One particular haram, Sde Boqer, underwent a “systematic excavation” which uncovered numerous items of interest: broken pottery and vessels; ashes; stelae of various sizes; and what appear to the authors to be altars.

The article considers the methods of construction of the buildings, the topography of the area, the open areas that adjoin structures, cornerstones central to the shrines, and the possible significance of flowing water near the sanctuaries.  Hadith and Fiqh literature are used to offer two viewpoints regarding the Ka’bah; these viewpoints are considered relative to the units excavated at Sde Boqer.  In addition to pagan elements, the article examines monotheistic aspects (specifically Abrahamism) of the area.  “The evidence amassed so far indicates that a basic form of monotheism and an emphasis on Abraham existed, together with paganism and Christianity, in the Negev for several centuries before Islam” (p. 42).

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